Direct and Reported Speech (1)
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
| Dice/ha dicho | |
| «Hemos cambiado el lugar de la cita.» | que han cambiado el lugar de la cita. |
| «Paqui y yo estaremos en la disco.» | que Paqui y ella estarán en la disco. |
| «Llámame, por favor.» | que lo/lallame. |
| Pregunta/ha preguntado | |
| «¿Puedes traernos a Paqui y a mí a casa?» | si puedo llevarlas a Paqui y a ella a casa. |
| «¿Puedes venir a buscarme?» | si puedo ir a buscarlo/la. |
| «¿Dónde viven?» | dónde viven. |
Indicative sentence of direct speech is in reported speech introduced by que, a question without a question word by the word si. Question words in reported speech remain stressed.
If the reporting verb is in the Present or Perfect with present meaning, the verb in the subordinate clause in reported speech is used in the same tense as the verb in direct speech. Imperative is usually transformed to Present Subjunctive.
When transforming direct to reported speech, the newly evolving perspective is reflected in the change of some words.
As illustrated in the examples, the following words change:
subjects of verbs (1st and 2nd person)
object pronouns
verbs ir/venir, llevar/traer, if the person who reports is in a different place
| Dice/ha dicho | |
| «Este bolso es muy bonito.» | que ese bolso es muy bonito. |
| «Estoy en mi casa.» | que está en su casa. |
| «Aquí hace mucho calor.» | que allí hace mucho calor. |
Some changes may also occur in demonstrative and possessive pronouns and expressions of position.
«Oye, tengo un problema.» Dice/ha dicho que tiene un problema.
In direct speech there are many words which e.g. ask for the hearer’s attention etc. These words are usually not converted into reported speech.
Copyright LANGMaster 2007-2012
Grammar
Spanish Mirada
Rules of Spanish Pronunciation
Pronunciation
Stress
Diphthongs
Alphabet
Unit 1
Personal Pronouns (Who?)
“Ser” (To Be)
“Llamarse” (Be Called)
Gender of the Nouns
Definite Article (Singular)
Preposition “a” Linked with “el”
Adjectives of Nationalities
“Tener” (Have/Own)
Negation
Question Words “¿cómo?”, “¿de dónde?”, “¿qué?”
Unit 2
Indefinite Article (Singular)
Jobs
Present Tense of Regular Verbs Ending in “-ar”
“Hacer” (Do)
“Estar” (Be)
Present Tense of Regular Verbs Ending in “-ir”
Question Words “¿dónde?”, “¿cuántos?”, “¿qué?”
Unit 3
Definite and Indefinite Articles (Singular and Plural)
Formation of the Plural of Nouns
“Ir” (Go, Travel, Move)
“Ir a” + Verb to Express Future Intention/Plan
“Hay” (There Is/Are)
“Uno/una” as Pronouns
Present Tense of Regular Verbs Ending in “-er”
“Querer” (Want)
Use of “otro/-a”
Unit 4
Pronouns in Position of Indirect Object (Dative, Whom?)
Use of Stressed and Unstressed Pronouns
“Gusta/gustan”
Emphasis and Negation of “gusta/gustan”
“Preferir” (Prefer)
Agreeing or Disagreeing
Time details
Question Words “¿a qué hora?”, “¿cuándo?”
Unit 5
Use of “estar” (Be)
Adjectives
Position of Adjectives
“Ser” + Adjective
“Muy” (Very) - “mucho” (Much)
Use of “hay” and “está/están”
“Seguir” (Follow, Continue)
Ordinal numerals
Preposition “de” Linked with “el”
Unit 6
Pronouns in Position of Direct Object (Accusative; Who or What?) “lo, los, la, las”
Pronouns in Position of Direct and Indirect Objects
“Poner” (Place, Put, Give)
Expressing Quantity
Demonstrative Pronouns
“Poder” (Can)
Interrogative Pronouns “¿quién?”, “¿cuánto/-a/os/-as?”
Unit 7
Daytime
List of Conjugations
Reflexive Verbs
“Salir” (Leave/Go out)
Time Expressions with “todo/todos”
Days in the Week
Date
Unit 8
Expressing Future Plans and Intentions
Use of “ya” (Already) and “todavía no” (Not Yet)
“Quedar” (Make a Date/Appointment, Meet) and “quedarse” (Stay)
Stressed Pronouns Connected with Prepositions
“¿Por qué?”,“ porque” and “es que”
Unit 9
Simple Past of Regular Verbs (el pretérito indefinido)
Use of Indefinido - Simple Past
Indefinido of Verbs “ser” and “ir”
Indefinido of Irregular Verbs
Indefinido of Some Verbs Ending in “-ir”
Unit 10
Comparative and Superlative of Adjectives
Verb Type c -- zc
Direct Object in Accusative
Spelling Irregularities of Some Verbs in Indefinido
Unit 11
Conditional (el condicional)
Irregular Forms of Conditional
Use of Conditional
Comparative using the adverb “mucho”
Use of Reflexive Pronoun “se”
Interrogative Pronoun “¿cuál?” (what?)
Unit 12
Possessive pronouns
Gerund
“Estar” + Gerund (Progressive Form)
Use of Verb “creer que”
Unit 13
Comparative of “grande” and “pequeño”
Use of “ser” and “estar”
Unit 14
Imperfect (el pretérito imperfecto)
Use of Imperfect
Irregular Verb Forms of Imperfect
Use of Imperfect and Indefinido
Forms of Comparative of “bueno” and “malo”
Unit 15
Imperative (el imperativo)
Imperative of Irregular Verbs
Imperative and Pronouns
Use of Imperative
Unit 16
Perfect Tense (el pretérito perfecto)
Irregular Participles
Use of Perfect
Stressed Possessive Pronouns
Unit 17
Use of Tenses
Giving Time with the Help of “hace”, “desde” and “desde hace”
Unit 18
Simple Future (el futuro)
Irregular Forms of Simple Future
Use of Simple Future
List of common irregular verbs
Summary of Grammar Terminology
List of Countries and Nationalities
Spanish Bien Mirado
Unit 1
Addressing in Spain and Latin America
Personal Pronoun “vos” and Appropriate Verb Forms
Giving Position with the Help of “estar en” and “estar al/a la”
Giving Time in the Present with the Help of “desde”, “desde hace” and “hace ... que ...”
Periphrastic Verb Forms (perífrasis verbales)
Use of Verbs “llevar/traer” and “ir/venir”
Interrogative Pronouns “¿qué?” and “¿cuál/cuáles?”
Diminutives (el diminutivo)
Unit 2
Use of Past Tenses (1)
Giving Position and Direction by Prepositions
Unit 3
Use of Past Tenses (2)
Indicative (indicativo) and Subjunctive (subjuntivo)
Present Subjunctive of Regular Verbs
Present Subjunctive of Selected Irregular Verbs
Present Subjunctive of the Verb “ir”
Use of Subjunctive after Expressions of Opinion and Attitude
Use of Subjunctive in Wishes
Unit 4
Present Subjunctive of “ser”, “estar”, “haber”
Present Subjunctive of Verbs with a Stem Vowel Change “o--ue / e--ie / e--i”
Present Subjunctive of Verbs “ofrecer”, “conocer” and “conducir”
Use of Subjunctive to Express Necessity or Opinion
Use of Subjunctive after Verbs Expressing Wish, Want, Request
Neutral Article “lo”
Unit 5
Use of “ser” and “estar” when Describing and Evaluating Meals and Food
Absolute Superlative (el superlativo absoluto)
Pronouns of Direct Object (accusative; who, what?) and Indirect Object (dative; whom?) Used in One Sentence
Pronouns With Imperative and Infinitive
Use of Indicative and Subjunctive after “creer que” and “pensar que”
Prepositions with the Meaning “on”
Unit 6
Use of Infinitive when Shortening Temporal Clauses
Periphrastic Verb Forms (perífrasis verbales)
Use of Imperfect and Perfect/Indefinido
Unit 7
Indirect Repetition of Questions or Proclamations
Comparing Nouns
Use of Indicative and Subjunctive after “querer”, “buscar”, “conocer”
Use of “alguien” and “nadie”
Meaning and Use of “mismo/-os/-a/-as”
Relative Pronouns
Uses of the Verb “saber” (Know, Can)
Unit 8
Use of Subjunctive after “esperar”
Use of Subjunctive after “ojalá”
Use of Subjunctive in Situation when Decision Is Left to Another Person
Use of Subjunctive after “cuando”
Unit 9
Future Perfect Tense (el futuro perfecto)
Use of Future Tenses to Express Speculation
Perfect Subjunctive (el perfecto de subjuntivo)
Use of Perfect Subjunctive (pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)
Subjunctive after Expressions of Astonishment
Other Ways of Expressing Speculation
Unit 10
Plusquamperfect (el pretérito pluscuamperfecto)
Use of Plusquamperfect
Meaning of Expressions with “ponerse”, “volverse”, “ser”
Subjunctive to Express Feelings
Unit 11
Periphrastic Verb Forms (perífrasis verbales)
Use of Indicative and Subjunctive after “aunque” in the Present Tense
Real Conditional Clauses
Various Ways of Giving Advice
Subjunctive after Verbs of Doubting
Use of Indicative and Subjunctive after Expressions of Probability
Various Translations of the Verb “must/have to”
Use of “ser” and “estar”
Unit 12
Use of “para” and “para que”
Expressions for Giving Reason
Imperfect Subjunctive
Imperfect Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs
Use of Imperfect Subjunctive in Real Conditional Clauses
Use of Prepositions “por” and “para”
Unit 13
Use of Indicative and Subjunctive after “hasta que” and Other Temporal Conjunctions
Perfect Conditional (el condicional perfecto)
Use of Perfect Conditional
Periphrastic Verb Forms (perífrasis verbales)
Sequence of Tenses in Subordinate Clauses with Subjunctive
Direct and Reported Speech (1)
Unit 14
Direct and Reported Speech (2)
Sequence of Tenses in Subjunctive
Use of Subjunctive
List of common irregular verbs
Summary of Grammar Terminology
Spanish Visto bueno
Unit 1
Use of the Indicative and the Subjunctive with the Verbs and Expressions of Opinion and Probability
Relative Pronouns of “que” and “quien”
Use of the Subjunctive after the Expressions of Feeling and Pleasure
Subjunctive in the Subordinate Clauses
Unit 2
Expressing Assumption and Probability
Using the Imperfect to Express Routines in the Past
Expressing Quantity
Giving Advice
Fulfillable ‘IF’ Clauses
Subjunctives after the Expressions and Verbs of Influence
Use of “para que”
Unit 3
Use of Subjunctive after the Expressions of Necessity
Imperfect Subjunctive
Imperfect of Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs
Use of the Imperfect of the Subjunctive in the Fulfillable ‘IF’ Clause in the Present
Pluperfect of the Subjunctive
Use of Pluperfect of the Subjunctive in the Unfulfillable ‘IF’ Clause in the Past
Alternative Ways to Express the Unrealizable Wishes
Unit 4
Use of the Subjunctive After “cuando”
Use of the Indicative and the Subjunctive after “antes de que, hasta que” and Other Time Conjunctions
Relative Pronoun of “que”
Unit 5
Comparative and Superlative Forms of the Adjectives
Conjunctions Expressing the Opposite Meaning
Periphrases with the Verb in the Infinitive
Evaluating Experience and Events
Unit 6
Use of Imperfect and Indefinido
Expressing Reasons and Consequences
Unit 7
Passive
Unit 8
Grammatical Differences between Spain and Latin America
Subjunctive
List of common irregular verbs